MEXICO WILDLIFE GUIDE

The history of Mexico is a rich and complex tapestry that spans thousands of years. The earliest civilizations in Mexico emerged around 2000 BCE. The Olmec civilization laid the foundation for future cultures, with notable achievements in art and architecture. They were followed by the Zapotec and Mixtec civilizations in Oaxaca and the Maya civilization in the Yucatán Peninsula. The Maya developed a sophisticated writing system, intricate calendar, and impressive cities such as Tikal and Chichen Itza.

During this period, the city of Teotihuacan, near present-day Mexico City, rose to prominence. Teotihuacan became a powerful urban center with vast pyramids and multi-story apartment compounds. Its influence extended throughout Mesoamerica. However, around the 8th century, Teotihuacan experienced a decline, likely due to internal unrest and external invasion.

After the decline of Teotihuacan, various city-states emerged in the region. The Toltecs, based in Tula, gained dominance in central Mexico and influenced subsequent cultures. The city of Tula was renowned for its warrior culture and art.

In the 13th century, the Mexica people, also known as the Aztecs, migrated to the Valley of Mexico and established the city of Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texcoco. The Aztecs gradually expanded their empire through military conquest and formed a vast tributary system. Tenochtitlan became a magnificent city with temples, causeways, and canals.

In 1519, the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés arrived in Mexico. Taking advantage of internal rivalries and the Aztec emperor Montezuma II’s initial hospitality, Cortés and his allies launched a campaign to conquer the Aztec Empire. After facing initial setbacks, the Spanish successfully captured Tenochtitlan in 1521, marking the end of the Aztec civilization.

Mexico became a part of the Spanish Empire, known as New Spain. The Spanish imposed their culture, religion (Catholicism), and governance on the indigenous population. The colonial period brought significant changes in demographics, architecture, agriculture, and trade. The exploitation of indigenous labor and resources by Spanish settlers led to social and economic inequalities.

Inspired by the ideals of the French and American revolutions, the Mexican War of Independence broke out in 1810. Led by figures like Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos, Mexicans fought against Spanish rule. After a decade-long struggle, Mexico achieved independence in 1821. The new nation initially established an empire under Emperor Agustín de Iturbide but later transitioned to a republic in 1824.

Tensions arose between Mexico and the United States over territorial disputes, leading to the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). Mexico lost a significant portion of its territory, including present-day California, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The loss of territory intensified political divisions in Mexico, culminating in the Reform War (1857-1861), which aimed to implement liberal reforms.

Porfiriato and Mexican Revolution (1876-1917): General Porfirio Díaz seized power in 1876 and established a lengthy dictatorship known as the Porfiriato. Díaz implemented modernization policies but concentrated power and wealth in the hands of a few. Dissatisfaction with the regime and socio-economic inequalities led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910. The revolution resulted in the overthrow of Díaz, the drafting of a new constitution in 1917, and the beginning of a more democratic era.

Since the Mexican Revolution, Mexico has experienced periods of stability and challenges. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) dominated Mexican politics for much of the 20th century. Economic reforms in the 1980s and 1990s aimed to liberalize the economy, but social inequality persisted. Mexico faced political and social issues, including drug trafficking and violence.

In recent years, Mexico has grappled with issues such as corruption, crime, economic inequality, and migration. The country continues to strive for social and political reforms while celebrating its rich cultural heritage.

Country Code: +52.

Crime: Mexico has been grappling with significant crime-related challenges, particularly concerning drug trafficking, organized crime, and violence.

Drug Trafficking and Cartels: Mexico has been a major transit and production hub for illegal drugs destined for the United States and other international markets. Powerful drug cartels have emerged and exert significant influence over various regions in the country.

Violent Crimes: The ongoing drug war has led to increased violence, particularly in areas where rival cartels fight for control of drug trafficking routes and territories. This violence has resulted in high homicide rates in certain regions of Mexico.

Organized Crime: Beyond drug trafficking, organized crime groups in Mexico engage in a range of illegal activities, including extortion, kidnapping, human trafficking, and fuel theft (known as “huachicoleo”).

Corruption: Corruption within law enforcement and government institutions has been a significant challenge in combating crime effectively. Cartels have been known to infiltrate and bribe officials, hindering law enforcement efforts.

Missing Persons and Human Rights Concerns: Mexico has also faced issues of missing persons, including cases involving the abduction of migrants passing through the country. Human rights organizations have raised concerns about extrajudicial killings and human rights abuses linked to security forces.

Tourism Impact: While crime is not rampant across the entire country, violent incidents have impacted certain tourist destinations, leading to concerns about the safety of tourists.

The Mexican government has implemented various strategies to combat crime, including the deployment of federal security forces to regions affected by violence and attempts to address corruption within law enforcement agencies. However, progress has been slow and often uneven due to the complexity of the issues involved.

Currency: Mexican Peso.

Electricity: Type A (2-pin flat), Type B (2-pin, with round pin below).

Language: Spanish.

Latitude and Longitude: 23.6345° N, 102.5528° W.

Population: 126.7 million (2021).

President: Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (AMLO).

Mexico is home to a diverse range of natural landscapes, and the country boasts several national parks that protect and showcase its unique biodiversity and stunning scenery.

El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve: Located in Baja California Peninsula, El Vizcaíno is the largest wildlife refuge in Latin America. It encompasses diverse ecosystems, including deserts, coastal lagoons, and marine areas.

The park is known for its gray whale sanctuaries and supports a wide range of wildlife, such as sea lions, dolphins, and desert bighorn sheep.

Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park: Situated in Baja California, this park features the highest peak on the Baja Peninsula, Picacho del Diablo. It encompasses diverse habitats, including coniferous forests, alpine meadows, and oak woodlands.

Visitors can enjoy hiking, camping, and stargazing in this remote and picturesque park.

Copper Canyon National Park: Also known as Barrancas del Cobre, this park is located in the rugged Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range in northern Mexico. It is famous for its spectacular canyons, which are deeper and larger than the Grand Canyon.

The area is home to the indigenous Tarahumara people, and visitors can explore the canyons through hiking, horseback riding, and the famous Copper Canyon Railway.

Sumidero Canyon National Park: Situated in the state of Chiapas, Sumidero Canyon is a dramatic natural wonder formed by the Grijalva River. Towering cliffs, lush vegetation, and waterfalls make it a breathtaking sight.

Boat tours are available to explore the canyon and observe wildlife like crocodiles, monkeys, and colorful bird species.

Palenque National Park: Located in the state of Chiapas, Palenque is renowned for its archaeological site, which preserves the ruins of an ancient Maya city. The park combines dense rainforests with impressive Mayan architecture, including the Temple of the Inscriptions and the Palace.

It offers a fascinating glimpse into the rich history and culture of the Maya civilization.

Cumbres de Monterrey National Park: Situated in the state of Nuevo León, this park is known for its rugged mountain landscapes, deep canyons, and diverse flora and fauna. It offers opportunities for hiking, rock climbing, and wildlife viewing.

The park is part of the larger Biósfera de la Sierra Madre Oriental, which is recognized by UNESCO.

Nevado de Toluca National Park: Located in central Mexico, this park is home to the Nevado de Toluca volcano, also known as Xinantécatl. It is the fourth highest peak in Mexico and features two crater lakes, the larger one known as El Sol and the smaller one as La Luna. Hiking to the summit provides panoramic views of the surrounding valleys and mountains.

Chichen Itza: Located in the Yucatán Peninsula, Chichen Itza is one of the most famous Mayan archaeological sites in Mexico. The iconic El Castillo pyramid, known as the Temple of Kukulcan, is a highlight. Chichen Itza is a UNESCO World Heritage site and a must-visit for history and architecture enthusiasts.

Teotihuacan: Situated near Mexico City, Teotihuacan is another remarkable pre-Columbian archaeological site. The Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon are the main attractions, offering panoramic views of the ancient city. Teotihuacan is also a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Tulum: Located on the Caribbean coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, Tulum is a picturesque archaeological site overlooking turquoise waters. The well-preserved ruins of the Mayan city and the stunning beach create a unique blend of history and natural beauty.

Cancún and the Riviera Maya: Cancún and the Riviera Maya are popular destinations for beach lovers. With pristine white sand beaches, crystal-clear waters, and a vibrant nightlife, they offer a perfect blend of relaxation and entertainment. Additionally, the nearby Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System provides excellent snorkeling and diving opportunities.

Mexico City: The capital city of Mexico is a vibrant metropolis with a rich cultural heritage. Explore historic sites like the Zocalo, visit world-class museums like the National Museum of Anthropology, and discover the fascinating neighborhoods of Coyoacan and Roma. The cuisine, art, and architecture make Mexico City a captivating destination.

Guanajuato: This colonial city in central Mexico is renowned for its colorful buildings, narrow streets, and vibrant cultural scene. The historic center is a UNESCO World Heritage site, and attractions include the stunning Teatro Juarez, the Diego Rivera Museum, and the captivating Callejón del Beso (Alley of the Kiss).

Copper Canyon: Located in the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, Copper Canyon (Barrancas del Cobre) is a breathtaking natural wonder. It comprises a series of deep canyons that offer stunning vistas and hiking opportunities. The famous Copper Canyon Railway is a scenic way to explore the area.

Cozumel: Situated off the coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, Cozumel is a paradise for divers and snorkelers. Its crystal-clear waters are teeming with vibrant coral reefs and marine life. The island also offers beautiful beaches, Mayan ruins, and a laid-back atmosphere.

Oaxaca: Oaxaca is a culturally rich city in southern Mexico known for its colonial architecture, colorful markets, and indigenous traditions. Explore the impressive archaeological site of Monte Albán, visit the Santo Domingo Church, and sample the delicious local cuisine, which includes the famous mole sauce.

Mexico’s weather is diverse and influenced by its geographical features, including its extensive coastline, mountain ranges, and proximity to different climate zones. Generally, Mexico has three main climatic zones: tropical, temperate, and arid.

The tropical zone covers Mexico’s coastal areas, including the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean coast, and the southern part of the Pacific coast. This region experiences high temperatures and high humidity throughout the year. It is characterized by two distinct seasons:

Dry Season (November to April): During this period, the weather is relatively drier, with warm temperatures and abundant sunshine. Coastal areas experience average temperatures ranging from the mid-20s to low 30s degrees Celsius (mid-70s to mid-80s degrees Fahrenheit).

Rainy Season (May to October): The rainy season brings increased humidity and precipitation due to the influence of the North American Monsoon. Showers and thunderstorms are common, usually occurring in the afternoon or evening. Temperatures remain warm, ranging from the mid-20s to low 30s degrees Celsius (mid-70s to low 90s degrees Fahrenheit).

The temperate zone is found in the central highland areas of Mexico, including Mexico City and parts of the states of Jalisco, Michoacán, and Guanajuato. The altitude of these regions contributes to milder and more pleasant weather conditions throughout the year. Temperatures can vary significantly between day and night. Key characteristics include:

Mild Summers: Summers (June to September) are generally mild with average temperatures ranging from the high teens to mid-20s degrees Celsius (mid-60s to mid-70s degrees Fahrenheit). Rainfall is moderate during this period.

Cool Winters: Winters (December to February) can be cool, especially at higher elevations. Average temperatures range from the single digits to low teens degrees Celsius (mid-40s to low 50s degrees Fahrenheit). Frost and occasional snowfall can occur in mountainous regions.

The arid zone encompasses the northern regions of Mexico, including the states of Baja California, Sonora, and Chihuahua. This area is characterized by desert and semi-desert climates, with low annual precipitation and hot temperatures. Key features include:

Hot Summers: Summers are extremely hot, with temperatures often exceeding 40 degrees Celsius (over 100 degrees Fahrenheit) in some areas. Coastal regions experience milder temperatures due to sea breezes.

Mild Winters: Winters are mild to warm, with average temperatures ranging from the mid-teens to low 20s degrees Celsius (mid-50s to low 70s degrees Fahrenheit). Nighttime temperatures can be cooler.

Additionally, Mexico is prone to hurricanes and tropical storms, primarily affecting the coastal areas, particularly the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean coast. The hurricane season typically spans from June to November, with peak activity occurring between August and October.